| Anyone who seeks an answer to the question of | | | | features. On the other hand, with similar |
| how living things, including himself, came | | | | drawing methods, they humanise apes like |
| into existence, will encounter two distinct | | | | Australopithecus or Homo Habilis. With this |
| explanations. The first is "creation," the | | | | method, they seek to "approximate" apes and |
| idea that all living things came into | | | | human beings and close the gap between these |
| existence as a consequence of an intelligent | | | | two distinct living classes. |
| design. The second explanation is the theory | | | | |
| of "evolution," which asserts that living | | | | Neanderthals |
| things are not the products of an intelligent | | | | |
| design, but of coincidental causes and | | | | Neanderthals were human beings who suddenly |
| natural processes. | | | | appeared 100,000 years ago in Europe, and who |
| | | | disappeared, or were assimilated by mixing |
| For a century and a half now, the theory of | | | | with other races, quietly but quickly 35,000 |
| evolution has received extensive support from | | | | years ago. Their only difference from modern |
| the scientific community. The science of | | | | man is that their skeletons are more robust |
| biology is defined in terms of evolutionist | | | | and their cranial capacity slightly bigger. |
| concepts. That is why, between the two | | | | |
| explanations of creation and evolution, the | | | | Neanderthals were a human race, a fact which |
| majority of people assume the evolutionist | | | | is admitted by almost everybody today. |
| explanation to be scientific. Accordingly, | | | | Evolutionists have tried very hard to present |
| they believe evolution to be a theory | | | | them as a "primitive species", yet all the |
| supported by the observational findings of | | | | findings indicate that they were no different |
| science, while creation is thought to be a | | | | from a "robust" man walking on the street |
| belief based on faith. As a matter of fact, | | | | today. A prominent authority on the subject, |
| however, scientific findings do not support | | | | Erik Trinkaus, a paleoanthropologist from New |
| the theory of evolution. Findings from the | | | | Mexico University writes: |
| last two decades in particular openly | | | | |
| contradict the basic assumptions of this | | | | Detailed comparisons of Neanderthal skeletal |
| theory. Many branches of science, such as | | | | remains with those of modern humans have |
| paleontology, biochemistry, population | | | | shown that there is nothing in Neanderthal |
| genetics, comparative anatomy and biophysics, | | | | anatomy that conclusively indicates |
| indicate that natural processes and | | | | locomotor, manipulative, intellectual, or |
| coincidental effects cannot explain life, as | | | | linguistic abilities inferior to those of |
| the theory of evolution proposes. | | | | modern humans. |
| | | | |
| THE ORIGIN OF MAN | | | | Many contemporary researchers define |
| | | | Neanderthal man as a sub-species of modern |
| Darwin put forward his claim that human | | | | man and call him "Homo sapiens |
| beings and apes descended from a common | | | | neandertalensis". The findings testify that |
| ancestor in his book The Descent of Man, | | | | Neanderthals buried their dead, fashioned |
| published in 1871. From that time until now, | | | | musical instruments, and had cultural |
| the followers of Darwin's path have tried to | | | | affinities with the Homo sapiens sapiens |
| support this claim. But despite all the | | | | living during the same period. To put it |
| research that has been carried out, the claim | | | | precisely, Neanderthals are a "robust" human |
| of "human evolution" has not been backed up | | | | race that simply disappeared in time. |
| by any concrete scientific discovery, | | | | |
| particularly in the fossil field. | | | | Homo Sapiens Archaic, Homo Heilderbergensis |
| | | | and Cro-Magnon Man |
| The man in the street is for the most part | | | | |
| unaware of this fact, and thinks that the | | | | Archaic Homo sapiens is the last step before |
| claim of human evolution is supported by a | | | | contemporary man in the imaginary |
| great deal of firm evidence. The reason for | | | | evolutionary scheme. In fact, evolutionists |
| this incorrect opinion is that the subject is | | | | do not have much to say about these fossils, |
| frequently discussed in the media and | | | | as there are only very minor differences |
| presented as a proven fact. But real experts | | | | between them and modern human beings. Some |
| on the subject are aware that there is no | | | | researchers even state that representatives |
| scientific foundation for the claim of human | | | | of this race are still living today, and |
| evolution. David Pilbeam, a Harvard | | | | point to native Australians as an example. |
| University paleoanthropologist, says: | | | | Like Homo sapiens (archaic), native |
| | | | Australians also have thick protruding |
| If you brought in a smart scientist from | | | | eyebrows, an inward-inclined mandibular |
| another discipline and showed him the meagre | | | | structure, and a slightly smaller cranial |
| evidence we've got he'd surely say, "forget | | | | capacity. |
| it; there isn't enough to go on."(( Richard | | | | |
| E. Leakey, The Making of Mankind, Sphere | | | | The group characterised as Homo |
| Books Limited, Barcelona, 1982, p. 43.)) | | | | heilderbergensis in evolutionist literature |
| | | | is in fact the same as archaic Homo sapiens. |
| And William Fix, the author of an important | | | | The reason why two different terms are used |
| book on the subject of paleoanthropology, | | | | to define the same human racial type is the |
| makes this comment: | | | | disagreements among evolutionists. All the |
| | | | fossils included under the Homo |
| As we have seen, there are numerous | | | | heidelbergensis classification suggest that |
| scientists and popularizers today who have | | | | people who were anatomically very similar to |
| the temerity to tell us that there is 'no | | | | modern Europeans lived 500,000 and even |
| doubt' how man originated. If only they had | | | | 740,000 years ago, first in England and then |
| the evidence...(( William R. Fix, The Bone | | | | in Spain. |
| Peddlers, Macmillan Publishing Company, New | | | | |
| York, 1984, pp. 150-153.)) | | | | It is estimated that Cro-Magnon man lived |
| | | | 30,000 years ago. He has a dome-shaped |
| This claim of evolution, which "lacks any | | | | cranium and a broad forehead. His cranium of |
| evidence," starts the human family tree with | | | | 1,600 cc is above the average for |
| a group of apes that have been claimed to | | | | contemporary man. His skull has thick eyebrow |
| constitute a distinct genus, | | | | projections and a bony protrusion at the back |
| Australopithecus. According to the claim, | | | | that is characteristic of both Neanderthal |
| Australopithecus gradually began to walk | | | | man and Homo erectus. |
| upright, his brain grew, and he passed | | | | |
| through a series of stages until he arrived | | | | Although the Cro-Magnon is considered to be a |
| at man's present state (Homo sapiens). But | | | | European race, the structure and volume of |
| the fossil record does not support this | | | | Cro-Magnon's cranium look very much like |
| scenario. Despite the claim that all kinds of | | | | those of some races living in Africa and the |
| intermediate forms exist, there is an | | | | tropics today. Relying on this similarity, it |
| impassable barrier between the fossil remains | | | | is estimated that Cro-Magnon was an archaic |
| of man and those of apes. Furthermore, it has | | | | African race. Some other paleoanthropological |
| been revealed that the species which are | | | | finds have shown that the Cro-Magnon and the |
| portrayed as each other's ancestors are | | | | Neanderthal races intermixed and laid the |
| actually contemporary species that lived in | | | | foundations for the races of our day. |
| the same period. Ernst Mayr, one of the most | | | | |
| important proponents of the theory of | | | | As a result, none of these human beings were |
| evolution in the twentieth century, contends | | | | "primitive species". They were different |
| in his book One Long Argument that | | | | human beings who lived in earlier times and |
| "particularly historical [puzzles] such as | | | | either assimilated and mixed with other |
| the origin of life or of Homo sapiens, are | | | | races, or became extinct and disappeared from |
| extremely difficult and may even resist a | | | | history. |
| final, satisfying explanation."(( "Could | | | | |
| science be brought to an end by scientists' | | | | Species Living in the Same Age as Their |
| belief that they have final answers or by | | | | Ancestors |
| society's reluctance to pay the bills?" | | | | |
| Scientific American, December 1992, p. 20.)) | | | | What we have investigated so far forms a |
| | | | clear picture: The scenario of "human |
| But what is the basis for the human evolution | | | | evolution" is a complete fiction. In order |
| thesis put forward by evolutionists? It is | | | | for such a family tree to represent the |
| the existence of plenty of fossils on which | | | | truth, a gradual evolution from ape to man |
| evolutionists are able to build imaginary | | | | must have taken place and a fossil record of |
| interpretations. Throughout history, more | | | | this process should be able to be found. In |
| than 6,000 species of ape have lived, and | | | | fact, however, there is a huge gap between |
| most of them have become extinct. Today, only | | | | apes and humans. Skeletal structures, cranial |
| 120 species live on the earth. These 6,000 or | | | | capacities, and such criteria as walking |
| so species of ape, most of which are extinct, | | | | upright or bent sharply forward distinguish |
| constitute a rich resource for the | | | | humans from apes. |
| evolutionists. | | | | |
| | | | Another significant finding proving that |
| On the other hand, there are considerable | | | | there can be no family-tree relationship |
| differences in the anatomic makeup of the | | | | among these different species is that species |
| various human races. Furthermore, the | | | | that are presented as ancestors of others in |
| differences were even greater between | | | | fact lived concurrently. If, as evolutionists |
| prehistoric races, because as time has passed | | | | claim, Australopithecus changed into Homo |
| the human races have to some extent mixed | | | | habilis, which, in turn, turned into Homo |
| with each other and become assimilated. | | | | erectus, the periods they lived in should |
| Despite this, important differences are still | | | | necessarily have followed each other. |
| seen between different population groups | | | | However, there is no such chronological order |
| living in the world today, such as, for | | | | to be seen in the fossil record. |
| example, Scandinavians, African pygmies, | | | | |
| Inuits, native Australians, and many others. | | | | According to evolutionist estimates, |
| | | | Australopithecus lived from 4 million up |
| There is no evidence to show that the fossils | | | | until 1 million years ago. The creatures |
| called hominid by evolutionary | | | | classified as Homo habilis, on the other |
| paleontologists do not actually belong to | | | | hand, are thought to have lived until 1.7 to |
| different species of ape or to vanished races | | | | 1.9 million years ago. Homo rudolfensis, |
| of humans. To put it another way, no example | | | | which is said to have been more "advanced" |
| of a transitional form between mankind and | | | | than Homo habilis, is known to be as old as |
| apes has been found. | | | | from 2.5 to 2.8 million years! That is to |
| | | | say, Homo rudolfensis is nearly 1 million |
| After these general explanations, let us now | | | | years older than Homo habilis, of which it is |
| examine the human evolution hypothesis | | | | alleged to have been the "ancestor". On the |
| together. | | | | other hand, the age of Homo erectus goes as |
| | | | far back as 1.6-1.8 million years ago, which |
| The Imaginary Family Tree of Man | | | | means that Homo erectus appeared on the earth |
| | | | in the same time frame as its so-called |
| The Darwinist claim holds that modern man | | | | ancestor, Homo habilis. |
| evolved from some kind of ape-like creature. | | | | |
| During this alleged evolutionary process, | | | | Alan Walker confirms this fact by stating |
| which is supposed to have started from 4 to 5 | | | | that "there is evidence from East Africa for |
| million years ago, it is claimed that there | | | | late-surviving small Australopithecus |
| existed some "transitional forms" between | | | | individuals that were contemporaneous first |
| modern man and his ancestors. According to | | | | with H. Habilis, then with H. erectus."(( |
| this completely imaginary scenario, the | | | | Alan Walker, Science, vol 207, 1980, p. |
| following four basic "categories" are listed: | | | | 1103.)) |
| | | | |
| 1. Australopithecines (any of the various | | | | Louis Leakey has found fossils of |
| forms belonging to the genus | | | | Australopithecus, Homo habilis and Homo |
| Australopithecus) | | | | erectus almost next to each other in the |
| | | | Olduvai Gorge region of Tanzania, in the Bed |
| 2. Homo habilis | | | | II layer. |
| | | | |
| 3. Homo erectus | | | | There is definitely no such family tree. |
| | | | Stephen Jay Gould, who was a paleontologist |
| 4. Homo sapiens | | | | from Harvard University, explained this |
| | | | deadlock faced by evolution, although he was |
| Evolutionists call the genus to which the | | | | an evolutionist himself: |
| alleged ape-like ancestors of man belonged | | | | |
| "Australopithecus", which means "southern | | | | What has become of our ladder if there are |
| ape". Australopithecus, which is nothing but | | | | three coexisting lineages of hominids (A. |
| an old type of ape that has become extinct, | | | | africanus, the robust australopithecines, and |
| is found in various different forms. Some of | | | | H. habilis), none clearly derived from |
| them are larger and strongly built (robust), | | | | another? Moreover, none of the three display |
| while others are smaller and delicate | | | | any evolutionary trends during their tenure |
| (gracile). | | | | on earth. |
| | | | |
| Evolutionists classify the next stage of | | | | When we move on from Homo erectus to Homo |
| human evolution as the genus Homo, that is | | | | sapiens, we again see that there is no family |
| "man". According to the evolutionist claim, | | | | tree to talk about. There is evidence showing |
| the living things in the Homo series are more | | | | that Homo erectus and archaic Homo sapiens |
| developed than Australopithecus, and not very | | | | continued living up to 27,000 years and even |
| much different from modern man. The modern | | | | as recently as 10,000 years before our time. |
| man of our day, that is, the species Homo | | | | In the Kow Swamp in Australia, some |
| sapiens, is said to have formed at the latest | | | | 13,000-year-old Homo erectus skulls have been |
| stage of the evolution of this genus Homo. | | | | found. On the island of Java, Homo erectus |
| | | | remains were found that are 27,000 years old. |
| Fossils like "Java Man", "Pekin Man", and | | | | |
| "Lucy", which appear in the media from time | | | | The Secret History of Homo Sapiens |
| to time and are to be found in evolutionist | | | | |
| publications and textbooks, are included in | | | | The most interesting and significant fact |
| one of the four groups listed above. Each of | | | | that nullifies the very basis of the |
| these groupings is also assumed to branch | | | | imaginary family tree of evolutionary theory |
| into species and sub-species, as the case may | | | | is the unexpectedly ancient history of modern |
| be. | | | | man. Paleoanthropological findings reveal |
| | | | that Homo sapiens people who looked exactly |
| Some suggested transitional forms of the | | | | like us were living as long as 1 million |
| past, such as Ramapithecus, had to be | | | | years ago. |
| excluded from the imaginary human family tree | | | | |
| after it was realised that they were ordinary | | | | It was Louis Leakey, the famous evolutionist |
| apes. | | | | paleoanthropologist, who discovered the first |
| | | | findings on this subject. In 1932, in the |
| By outlining the links in the chain as | | | | Kanjera region around Lake Victoria in Kenya, |
| "australopithecines > Homo habilis > Homo | | | | Leakey found several fossils that belonged to |
| erectus > Homo sapiens", the evolutionists | | | | the Middle Pleistocene and that were no |
| imply that each of these types is the | | | | different from modern man. However, the |
| ancestor of the next. However, recent | | | | Middle Pleistocene was a million years ago. |
| findings by paleoanthropologists have | | | | Since these discoveries turned the |
| revealed that australopithecines, Homo | | | | evolutionary family tree upside down, they |
| habilis and Homo erectus existed in different | | | | were dismissed by some evolutionist |
| parts of the world at the same time. | | | | paleoanthropologists. Yet Leakey always |
| Moreover, some of those humans classified as | | | | contended that his estimates were correct. |
| Homo erectus probably lived up until very | | | | |
| recent times. In an article titled "Latest | | | | Just when this controversy was about to be |
| Homo erectus of Java: Potential | | | | forgotten, a fossil unearthed in Spain in |
| Contemporaneity with Homo sapiens in | | | | 1995 revealed in a very remarkable way that |
| Southeast Asia", it was reported in the | | | | the history of Homo sapiens was much older |
| journal Science that Homo erectus fossils | | | | than had been assumed. The fossil in question |
| found in Java had "mean ages of 27 ± 2 to | | | | was uncovered in a cave called Gran Dolina in |
| 53.3 ± 4 thousand years ago" and this | | | | the Atapuerca region of Spain by three |
| "raise[s] the possibility that H. erectus | | | | Spanish paleoanthropologists from the |
| overlapped in time with anatomically modern | | | | University of Madrid. The fossil revealed the |
| humans (H. sapiens) in Southeast Asia" | | | | face of an 11-year-old boy who looked |
| | | | entirely like modern man. Yet, it had been |
| Furthermore, Homo sapiens neandarthalensis | | | | 800,000 years since the child died. Discover |
| and Homo sapiens sapiens (modern man) also | | | | magazine covered the story in great detail in |
| clearly co-existed. This situation apparently | | | | its December 1997 issue. |
| indicates the invalidity of the claim that | | | | |
| one is the ancestor of the other. | | | | This fossil even shook the convictions of |
| | | | Juan Luis Arsuaga Ferreras, who lead the Gran |
| Intrinsically, all findings and scientific | | | | Dolina excavation. Ferreras said: |
| research have revealed that the fossil record | | | | |
| does not suggest an evolutionary process as | | | | We expected something big, something large, |
| evolutionists propose. The fossils, which | | | | something inflated-you know, something |
| evolutionists claim to be the ancestors of | | | | primitive. Our expectation of an |
| humans, in fact belong either to different | | | | 800,000-year-old boy was something like |
| human races, or else to species of ape. | | | | Turkana Boy. And what we found was a totally |
| | | | modern face.... To me this is most |
| Then which fossils are human and which ones | | | | spectacular-these are the kinds of things |
| are apes? Is it ever possible for any one of | | | | that shake you. Finding something totally |
| them to be considered a transitional form? In | | | | unexpected like that. Not finding fossils; |
| order to find the answers, let us have a | | | | finding fossils is unexpected too, and it's |
| closer look at each category. | | | | okay. But the most spectacular thing is |
| | | | finding something you thought belonged to the |
| Australopithecus: An Ape Species | | | | present, in the past. It's like finding |
| | | | something like-like a tape recorder in Gran |
| The first category, the genus | | | | Dolina. That would be very surprising. We |
| Australopithecus, means "southern ape", as we | | | | don't expect cassettes and tape recorders in |
| have said. It is assumed that these creatures | | | | the Lower Pleistocene. Finding a modern face |
| first appeared in Africa about 4 million | | | | 800,000 years ago-it's the same thing. We |
| years ago, and lived until 1 million years | | | | were very surprised when we saw it. |
| ago. There are a number of different species | | | | |
| among the astralopithecines. Evolutionists | | | | The fossil highlighted the fact that the |
| assume that the oldest Australopithecus | | | | history of Homo sapiens had to be extended |
| species is A. Afarensis. After that comes A. | | | | back to 800,000 years ago. After recovering |
| Africanus, and then A. Robustus, which has | | | | from the initial shock, the evolutionists who |
| relatively bigger bones. As for A. Boisei, | | | | discovered the fossil decided that it |
| some researchers accept it as a different | | | | belonged to a different species, because |
| species, and others as a sub-species of A. | | | | according to the evolutionary family tree, |
| Robustus. | | | | Homo sapiens did not live 800,000 years ago. |
| | | | Therefore, they made up an imaginary species |
| All of the Australopithecus species are | | | | called "Homo antecessor" and included the |
| extinct apes that resemble the apes of today. | | | | Atapuerca skull under this classification. |
| Their cranial capacities are the same or | | | | |
| smaller than the chimpanzees of our day. | | | | A Hut 1.7 Million Years Old |
| There are projecting parts in their hands and | | | | |
| feet which they used to climb trees, just | | | | There have been many findings demonstrating |
| like today's chimpanzees, and their feet are | | | | that Homo sapiens dates back even earlier |
| built for grasping to hold onto branches. | | | | than 800,000 years. One of them is a |
| They are short (maximum 130 cm. (51 in.)) and | | | | discovery by Louis Leakey in the early 1970s |
| just like today's chimpanzees, male | | | | in Olduvai Gorge. Here, in the Bed II layer, |
| Australopithecus is larger than the female. | | | | Leakey discovered that Australopithecus, Homo |
| Many other characteristics-such as the | | | | Habilis and Homo erectus species had |
| details in their skulls, the closeness of | | | | co-existed at the same time. What is even |
| their eyes, their sharp molar teeth, their | | | | more interesting was a structure Leakey found |
| mandibular structure, their long arms, and | | | | in the same layer (Bed II). Here, he found |
| their short legs-constitute evidence that | | | | the remains of a stone hut. The unusual |
| these creatures were no different from | | | | aspect of the event was that this |
| today's ape. | | | | construction, which is still used in some |
| | | | parts of Africa, could only have been built |
| However, evolutionists claim that, although | | | | by Homo sapiens! So, according to Leakey's |
| australopithecines have the anatomy of apes, | | | | findings, Australopithecus, Homo habilis, |
| unlike apes, they walked upright like humans. | | | | Homo erectus and modern man must have |
| | | | co-existed approximately 1.7 million years |
| This claim that australopithecines walked | | | | ago. This discovery must surely invalidate |
| upright is a view that has been held by | | | | the evolutionary theory that claims that |
| paleoanthropologists such as Richard Leakey | | | | modern men evolved from ape-like species such |
| and Donald C. Johanson for decades. Yet many | | | | as Australopithecus. |
| scientists who have carried out a great deal | | | | |
| of research on the skeletal structures of | | | | Footprints of Modern Man, 3.6 Million Years |
| australopithecines have proved the invalidity | | | | Old! |
| of that argument. Extensive research done on | | | | |
| various Australopithecus specimens by two | | | | Indeed, some other discoveries trace the |
| world-renowned anatomists from England and | | | | origins of modern man back to 1.7 million |
| the USA, Lord Solly Zuckerman and Prof. | | | | years ago. One of these important finds is |
| Charles Oxnard, showed that these creatures | | | | the footprints found in Laetoli, Tanzania, by |
| did not walk upright in human manner. Having | | | | Mary Leakey in 1977. These footprints were |
| studied the bones of these fossils for a | | | | found in a layer that was calculated to be |
| period of 15 years thanks to grants from the | | | | 3.6 million years old, and more importantly, |
| British government, Lord Zuckerman and his | | | | they were no different from the footprints |
| team of five specialists reached the | | | | that a contemporary man would leave. |
| conclusion that australopithecines were only | | | | |
| an ordinary ape genus and were definitely not | | | | The footprints found by Mary Leakey were |
| bipedal, although Zuckerman is an | | | | later examined by a number of famous |
| evolutionist himself. Correspondingly, | | | | paleoanthropologists, such as Donald Johanson |
| Charles E. Oxnard, who is another | | | | and Tim White. The results were the same. |
| evolutionist famous for his research on the | | | | White wrote: |
| subject, also likened the skeletal structure | | | | |
| of australopithecines to that of modern | | | | Make no mistake about it, ...They are like |
| orang-utans. | | | | modern human footprints. If one were left in |
| | | | the sand of a California beach today, and a |
| Briefly, Australopithecines have no link with | | | | four-year old were asked what it was, he |
| humans and they are merely an extinct ape | | | | would instantly say that somebody had walked |
| species. | | | | there. He wouldn't be able to tell it from a |
| | | | hundred other prints on the beach, nor would |
| Homo Habilis: The Ape that was Presented as | | | | you.(( Donald C. Johanson & M. A. Edey, Lucy: |
| Human | | | | The Beginnings of Humankind, New York: Simon |
| | | | & Schuster, 1981, p. 250.)) |
| The great similarity between the skeletal and | | | | |
| cranial structures of australopithecines and | | | | After examining the footprints, Louis Robbins |
| chimpanzees, and the refutation of the claim | | | | from the University of North California made |
| that these creatures walked upright, have | | | | the following comments: |
| caused great difficulty for evolutionist | | | | |
| paleoanthropologists. The reason is that, | | | | The arch is raised-the smaller individual had |
| according to the imaginary evolution scheme, | | | | a higher arch than I do-and the big toe is |
| Homo erectus comes after Australopithecus. As | | | | large and aligned with the second toe… |
| the genus name Homo (meaning "man") implies, | | | | The toes grip the ground like human toes. You |
| Homo erectus is a human species and its | | | | do not see this in other animal forms.(( |
| skeleton is straight. Its cranial capacity is | | | | Science News, Vol 115, 1979, p. 196-197.)) |
| twice as large as that of Australopithecus. A | | | | |
| direct transition from Australopithecus, | | | | Examinations of the morphological form of the |
| which is a chimpanzee-like ape, to Homo | | | | footprints showed time and again that they |
| erectus, which has a skeleton no different | | | | had to be accepted as the prints of a human, |
| from modern man's, is out of the question | | | | and moreover, a modern human (Homo sapiens). |
| even according to evolutionist theory. | | | | Russell Tuttle, who also examined the |
| Therefore, "links"-that is, "transitional | | | | footprints wrote: |
| forms"-are needed. The concept of Homo | | | | |
| habilis arose from this necessity. | | | | A small barefoot Homo sapiens could have made |
| | | | them... In all discernible morphological |
| The classification of Homo habilis was put | | | | features, the feet of the individuals that |
| forward in the 1960s by the Leakeys, a family | | | | made the trails are indistinguishable from |
| of "fossil hunters". According to the | | | | those of modern humans. |
| Leakeys, this new species, which they | | | | |
| classified as Homo habilis, had a relatively | | | | Impartial examinations of the footprints |
| large cranial capacity, the ability to walk | | | | revealed their real owners. In reality, these |
| upright and to use stone and wooden tools. | | | | footprints consisted of 20 fossilised |
| Therefore, it could have been the ancestor of | | | | footprints of a 10-year-old modern human and |
| man. | | | | 27 footprints of an even younger one. They |
| | | | were certainly modern people like us. |
| New fossils of the same species unearthed in | | | | |
| the late 1980s, were to completely change | | | | This situation put the Laetoli footprints at |
| this view. Some researchers, such as Bernard | | | | the centre of discussions for years. |
| Wood and C. Loring Brace, who relied on those | | | | Evolutionist paleoanthropologists desperately |
| newly-found fossils, stated that Homo habilis | | | | tried to come up with an explanation, as it |
| (which means "skillful man", that is, man | | | | was hard for them to accept the fact that a |
| capable of using tools) should be classified | | | | modern man had been walking on the earth 3.6 |
| as Australopithecus habilis, or "skillful | | | | million years ago. During the 1990s, the |
| southern ape", because Homo habilis had a lot | | | | following "explanation" started to take |
| of characteristics in common with the | | | | shape: The evolutionists decided that these |
| australopithecine apes. It had long arms, | | | | footprints must have been left by an |
| short legs and an ape-like skeletal structure | | | | Australopithecus, because according to their |
| just like Australopithecus. Its fingers and | | | | theory, it was impossible for a Homo species |
| toes were suitable for climbing. Their jaw | | | | to have existed 3.6 years ago. However, |
| was very similar to that of today's apes. | | | | Russell H. Tuttle wrote the following in an |
| Their 600 cc average cranial capacity is also | | | | article in 1990: |
| an indication of the fact that they were | | | | |
| apes. In short, Homo habilis, which was | | | | In sum, the 3.5-million-year-old footprint |
| presented as a different species by some | | | | traits at Laetoli site G resemble those of |
| evolutionists, was in reality an ape species | | | | habitually unshod modern humans. None of |
| just like all the other australopithecines. | | | | their features suggest that the Laetoli |
| | | | hominids were less capable bipeds than we |
| Research carried out in the years since Wood | | | | are. If the G footprints were not known to be |
| and Brace's work has demonstrated that Homo | | | | so old, we would readily conclude that there |
| habilis was indeed no different from | | | | had been made by a member of our genus, |
| Australopithecus. The skull and skeletal | | | | Homo... In any case, we should shelve the |
| fossil OH62 found by Tim White showed that | | | | loose assumption that the Laetoli footprints |
| this species had a small cranial capacity, as | | | | were made by Lucy's kind, Australopithecus |
| well as long arms and short legs which | | | | afarensis. |
| enabled them to climb trees just like modern | | | | |
| apes do. | | | | To put it briefly, these footprints that were |
| | | | supposed to be 3.6 million years old could |
| The detailed analyses conducted by American | | | | not have belonged to Australopithecus. The |
| anthropologist Holly Smith in 1994 indicated | | | | only reason why the footprints were thought |
| that Homo habilis was not Homo, in other | | | | to have been left by members of |
| words, "human", at all, but rather | | | | Australopithecus was the 3.6-million-year-old |
| unequivocally an "ape". Speaking of the | | | | volcanic layer in which the footprints were |
| analyses she made on the teeth of | | | | found. The prints were ascribed to |
| Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus | | | | Australopithecus purely on the assumption |
| and Homo neanderthalensis, Smith stated the | | | | that humans could not have lived so long ago. |
| following; | | | | |
| | | | These interpretations of the Laetoli |
| Restricting analysis of fossils to specimens | | | | footprints demonstrate one important fact. |
| satisfying these criteria, patterns of dental | | | | Evolutionists support their theory not based |
| development of gracile australopithecines and | | | | on scientific findings, but in spite of them. |
| Homo Habilis remain classified with African | | | | Here we have a theory that is blindly |
| apes. Those of Homo erectus and Neanderthals | | | | defended no matter what, with all new |
| are classified with humans. | | | | findings that cast the theory into doubt |
| | | | being either ignored or distorted to support |
| Within the same year, Fred Spoor, Bernard | | | | the theory. |
| Wood and Frans Zonneveld, all specialists on | | | | |
| anatomy, reached a similar conclusion through | | | | Briefly, the theory of evolution is not |
| a totally different method. This method was | | | | science, but a dogma kept alive despite |
| based on the comparative analysis of the | | | | science. |
| semi-circular canals in the inner ear of | | | | |
| humans and apes which provided for sustaining | | | | The Bipedalism Impasse of Evolution |
| balance. Spoor, Wood and Zonneveld concluded | | | | |
| that: | | | | Apart from the fossil record that we have |
| | | | dealt with so far, unbridgeable anatomical |
| Among the fossil hominids the earliest | | | | gaps between men and apes also invalidate the |
| species to demonstrate the modern human | | | | fiction of human evolution. One of these has |
| morphology is Homo erectus. In contrast, the | | | | to do with the manner of walking. |
| semi-circular canal dimensions in crania from | | | | |
| southern Africa attributed to | | | | Human beings walk upright on two feet. This |
| Australopithecus and Paranthropus resemble | | | | is a very special form of locomotion not seen |
| those of the extant great apes. | | | | in any other mammalian species. Some other |
| | | | animals do have a limited ability to move |
| Spoor, Wood and Zonneveld also studied a Homo | | | | when they stand on their two hind feet. |
| habilis specimen, namely Stw 53, and found | | | | Animals like bears and monkeys can move in |
| out that "Stw 53 relied less on bipedal | | | | this way only rarely, such as when they want |
| behavior than the australopithecines." This | | | | to reach a source of food, and even then only |
| meant that the H. habilis specimen was even | | | | for a short time. Normally, their skeletons |
| more ape-like than the Australopithecus | | | | lean forward and they walk on all fours. |
| species. Thus they concluded that "Stw 53 | | | | |
| represents an unlikely intermediate between | | | | Well, then, has bipedalism evolved from the |
| the morphologies seen in the | | | | quadrupedal gait of apes, as evolutionists |
| australopithecines and H. erectus." | | | | claim? |
| | | | |
| This finding yielded two important results: | | | | Of course not. Research has shown that the |
| | | | evolution of bipedalism never occurred, nor |
| 1. Fossils referred to as Homo habilis did | | | | is it possible for it to have done so. First |
| not actually belong to the genus Homo, i.e. | | | | of all, bipedalism is not an evolutionary |
| humans, but to that of Australopithecus, i.e. | | | | advantage. The way in which monkeys move is |
| apes. | | | | much easier, faster, and more efficient than |
| | | | man's bipedal stride. Man can neither move by |
| 2. Both Homo habilis and Australopithecus | | | | jumping from tree to tree without descending |
| were creatures that walked stooped | | | | to the ground, like a chimpanzee, nor run at |
| forward-that is to say, they had the skeleton | | | | a speed of 125 km per hour, like a cheetah. |
| of an ape. They have no relation whatsoever | | | | On the contrary, since man walks on two feet, |
| to man. | | | | he moves much more slowly on the ground. For |
| | | | the same reason, he is one of the most |
| Homo Rudolfensis: The Face Wrongly Joined | | | | unprotected of all species in nature in terms |
| | | | of movement and defence. According to the |
| The term Homo rudolfensis is the name given | | | | logic of the theory of evolution, monkeys |
| to a few fossil fragments unearthed in 1972. | | | | should not have evolved to adopt a bipedal |
| The species supposedly represented by this | | | | stride; humans should instead have evolved to |
| fossil was designated Homo rudolfensis | | | | become quadrupedal. |
| because these fossil fragments were found in | | | | |
| the vicinity of Lake Rudolf in Kenya. Most of | | | | Another impasse of the evolutionary claim is |
| the paleoanthropologists accept that these | | | | that bipedalism does not serve the "gradual |
| fossils do not belong to a distinct species, | | | | development" model of Darwinism. This model, |
| but that the creature called Homo rudolfensis | | | | which constitutes the basis of evolution, |
| is in fact indistinguishable from Homo | | | | requires that there should be a "compound" |
| habilis. | | | | stride between bipedalism and quadrupedalism. |
| | | | However, with the computerised research he |
| Richard Leakey, who unearthed the fossils, | | | | conducted in 1996, the English |
| presented the skull designated "KNM-ER 1470", | | | | paleoanthropologist Robin Crompton, showed |
| which he said was 2.8 million years old, as | | | | that such a "compound" stride was not |
| the greatest discovery in the history of | | | | possible. Crompton reached the following |
| anthropology. According to Leakey, this | | | | conclusion: A living being can either walk |
| creature, which had a small cranial capacity | | | | upright, or on all fours.(( Ruth Henke, |
| like that of Australopithecus together with a | | | | "Aufrecht aus den Baumen", Focus, Vol 39, |
| face similar to that of present-day humans, | | | | 1996, p. 178.)). |
| was the missing link between Australopithecus | | | | |
| and humans. Yet, after a short while, it was | | | | A type of stride between the two is |
| realised that the human-like face of the | | | | impossible because it would involve excessive |
| KNM-ER 1470 skull, which frequently appeared | | | | energy consumption. This is why a |
| on the covers of scientific journals and | | | | half-bipedal being cannot exist. |
| popular science magazines was the result of | | | | |
| the incorrect assembly of the skull | | | | The immense gap between man and ape is not |
| fragments, which may have been deliberate. | | | | limited solely to bipedalism. Many other |
| Professor Tim Bromage, who conducts studies | | | | issues still remain unexplained, such as |
| on human facial anatomy, brought this to | | | | brain capacity, the ability to talk, and so |
| light by the help of computer simulations in | | | | on. Elaine Morgan, an evolutionist |
| 1992: | | | | paleoanthropologist, makes the following |
| | | | confession in relation to this matter: |
| When it [KNM-ER 1470] was first | | | | |
| reconstructed, the face was fitted to the | | | | Four of the most outstanding mysteries about |
| cranium in an almost vertical position, much | | | | humans are: 1) why do they walk on two legs? |
| like the flat faces of modern humans. But | | | | 2) why have they lost their fur? 3) why have |
| recent studies of anatomical relationships | | | | they developed such large brains? 4) why did |
| show that in life the face must have jutted | | | | they learn to speak? |
| out considerably, creating an ape-like | | | | |
| aspect, rather like the faces of | | | | The orthodox answers to these questions are: |
| Australopithecus. | | | | 1) 'We do not yet know'; 2) 'We do not yet |
| | | | know'; 3) 'We do not yet know'; 4) 'We do not |
| The evolutionist paleoanthropologist J. E. | | | | yet know'. The list of questions could be |
| Cronin states the following on the matter: | | | | considerably lengthened without affecting the |
| | | | monotony of the answers. |
| ... its relatively robustly constructed face, | | | | |
| flattish naso-alveolar clivus, (recalling | | | | Evolution: An Unscientific Faith |
| australopithecine dished faces), low maximum | | | | |
| cranial width (on the temporals), strong | | | | Lord Solly Zuckerman is one of the most |
| canine juga and large molars (as indicated by | | | | famous and respected scientists in the United |
| remaining roots) are all relatively primitive | | | | Kingdom. For years, he studied the fossil |
| traits which ally the specimen with members | | | | record and conducted many detailed |
| of the taxon A. africanus. | | | | investigations. He was elevated to the |
| | | | peerage for his contributions to science. |
| C. Loring Brace from Michigan University came | | | | Zuckerman is an evolutionist. Therefore, his |
| to the same conclusion. As a result of the | | | | comments on evolution can not be regarded as |
| analyses he conducted on the jaw and tooth | | | | ignorant or prejudiced. After years of |
| structure of skull 1470, he reported that | | | | research on the fossils included in the human |
| "from the size of the palate and the | | | | evolution scenario however, he reached the |
| expansion of the area allotted to molar | | | | conclusion that there is no truth to the |
| roots, it would appear that ER 1470 retained | | | | family tree in that is put forward. |
| a fully Australopithecus-sized face and | | | | |
| dentition". | | | | Zuckerman also advanced an interesting |
| | | | concept of the "spectrum of the sciences", |
| Professor Alan Walker, a paleoanthropologist | | | | ranging from those he considered scientific |
| from Johns Hopkins University who has done as | | | | to those he considered unscientific. |
| much research on KNM-ER 1470 as Leakey, | | | | According to Zuckerman's spectrum, the most |
| maintains that this creature should not be | | | | "scientific"-that is, depending on concrete |
| classified as a member of Homo-i.e., as a | | | | data-fields are chemistry and physics. After |
| human species-but rather should be placed in | | | | them come the biological sciences and then |
| the Australopithecus genus. | | | | the social sciences. At the far end of the |
| | | | spectrum, which is the part considered to be |
| In summary, classifications like Homo habilis | | | | most "unscientific", are "extra-sensory |
| or Homo rudolfensis which are presented as | | | | perception"-concepts such as telepathy and |
| transitional links between the | | | | the "sixth sense"-and finally "human |
| australopithecines and Homo erectus are | | | | evolution". Zuckerman explains his reasoning |
| entirely imaginary. It has been confirmed by | | | | as follows: |
| many researchers today that these creatures | | | | |
| are members of the Australopithecus series. | | | | We then move right off the register of |
| All of their anatomical features reveal that | | | | objective truth into those fields of presumed |
| they are species of ape. | | | | biological science, like extrasensory |
| | | | perception or the interpretation of man's |
| This fact has been further established by two | | | | fossil history, where to the faithful |
| evolutionist anthropologists, Bernard Wood | | | | anything is possible - and where the ardent |
| and Mark Collard, whose research was | | | | believer is sometimes able to believe several |
| published in 1999 in Science magazine. Wood | | | | contradictory things at the same time. |
| and Collard explained that the Homo habilis | | | | |
| and Homo rudolfensis (Skull 1470) taxa are | | | | Robert Locke, the editor of Discovering |
| imaginary, and that the fossils assigned to | | | | Archeology, an important publication on the |
| these categories should be attributed to the | | | | origins of man, writes in that journal, "The |
| genus Australopithecus: | | | | search for human ancestors gives more heat |
| | | | than light", quoting the confession of the |
| More recently, fossil species have been | | | | famous evolutionist paleoantropologist Tim |
| assigned to Homo on the basis of absolute | | | | White: |
| brain size, inferences about language ability | | | | |
| and hand function, and retrodictions about | | | | We're all frustrated by "all the questions we |
| their ability to fashion stone tools. With | | | | haven't been able to answer." |
| only a few exceptions , the definition and | | | | |
| use of the genus within human evolution, and | | | | Locke's article reviews the impasse of the |
| the demarcation of Homo, have been treated as | | | | theory of evolution on the origins of man and |
| if they are unproblematic. But ... recent | | | | the groundlessness of the propaganda spread |
| data, fresh interpretations of the existing | | | | about this subject: |
| evidence, and the limitations of the | | | | |
| paleoanthropological record invalidate | | | | Perhaps no area of science is more |
| existing criteria for attributing taxa to | | | | contentious than the search for human |
| Homo. | | | | origins. Elite paleontologists disagree over |
| | | | even the most basic outlines of the human |
| ...in practice fossil hominin species are | | | | family tree. New branches grow amid great |
| assigned to Homo on the basis of one or more | | | | fanfare, only to wither and die in the face |
| out of four criteria. ... It is now evident, | | | | of new fossil finds. |
| however, that none of these criteria is | | | | |
| satisfactory. The Cerebral Rubicon is | | | | The same fact was also recently accepted by |
| problematic because absolute cranial capacity | | | | Henry Gee, the editor of the well-known |
| is of questionable biological significance. | | | | journal Nature. In his book In Search of Deep |
| Likewise, there is compelling evidence that | | | | Time, published in 1999, Gee points out that |
| language function cannot be reliably inferred | | | | all the evidence for human evolution "between |
| from the gross appearance of the brain, and | | | | about 10 and 5 million years ago-several |
| that the language-related parts of the brain | | | | thousand generations of living creatures-can |
| are not as well localized as earlier studies | | | | be fitted into a small box." He concludes |
| had implied... | | | | that conventional theories of the origin and |
| | | | development of human beings are "a completely |
| ...In other words, with the hypodigms of H. | | | | human invention created after the fact, |
| habilis and H. rudolfensis assigned to it, | | | | shaped to accord with human prejudices" and |
| the genus Homo is not a good genus. Thus, H. | | | | adds: |
| habilis and H. rudolfensis (or Homo habilis | | | | |
| sensu lato for those who do not subscribe to | | | | To take a line of fossils and claim that they |
| the taxonomic subdivision of "early Homo") | | | | represent a lineage is not a scientific |
| should be removed from Homo. The obvious | | | | hypothesis that can be tested, but an |
| taxonomic alternative, which is to transfer | | | | assertion that carries the same validity as |
| one or both of the taxa to one of the | | | | bedtime story-amusing, perhaps even |
| existing early hominin genera, is not without | | | | instructive, but not scientific. |
| problems, but we recommend that, for the time | | | | |
| being, both H. Habilis and H. Rudolfensis | | | | What, then, is the reason that makes so many |
| should be transferred to the genus | | | | scientists so tenacious about this dogma? Why |
| Australopithecus. | | | | have they been trying so hard to keep their |
| | | | theory alive, at the cost of having to admit |
| The conclusion of Wood and Collard | | | | countless conflicts and discarding the |
| corroborates the conclusion we have | | | | evidence they have found? |
| maintained here:"Primitive human ancestors" | | | | |
| do not exist in history. Creatures that are | | | | The only answer is their being afraid of the |
| alleged to be so are actually apes that ought | | | | fact they will have to face in case of |
| to be assigned to the genus Australopithecus. | | | | abandoning the theory of evolution. The fact |
| The fossil record shows that there is no | | | | they will have to face when they abandon |
| evolutionary link between these extinct apes | | | | evolution is that God has created man. |
| and Homo, i.e., human species that suddenly | | | | However, considering the presuppositions they |
| appears in the fossil record. | | | | have and the materialistic philosophy they |
| | | | believe in, creation is an unacceptable |
| Homo Erectus and Thereafter: Human Beings | | | | concept for evolutionists. |
| | | | |
| According to the fanciful scheme suggested by | | | | For this reason, they deceive themselves, as |
| evolutionists, the internal evolution of the | | | | well as the world, by using the media with |
| Homo genus is as follows: First Homo erectus, | | | | which they co-operate. If they cannot find |
| then so-called "archaic" Homo sapiens and | | | | the necessary fossils, they "fabricate" them |
| Neanderthal man (Homo sapiens | | | | either in the form of imaginary pictures or |
| neanderthalensis), and finally, Cro-Magnon | | | | fictitious models and try to give the |
| man (Homo sapiens sapiens). However all these | | | | impression that there indeed exist fossils |
| classifications are really only variations | | | | verifying evolution. A part of mass media who |
| and unique races in the human family. The | | | | share their materialistic point of view also |
| difference between them is no greater than | | | | try to deceive the public and instil the |
| the difference between an Inuit and an | | | | story of evolution in people's subconscious. |
| African or a pygmy and a European. | | | | |
| | | | No matter how hard they try, the truth is |
| Let us first examine Homo erectus, which is | | | | evident: Man has come into existence not |
| referred to as the most primitive human | | | | through an evolutionary process but by God's |
| species. As the name implies, "Homo erectus" | | | | creation. Therefore, he is responsible to |
| means "man who walks upright". Evolutionists | | | | Him. |
| have had to separate these fossils from | | | | |
| earlier ones by adding the qualification of | | | | Please see this book to know more about the |
| "erectness", because all the available Homo | | | | origin of other living things: |
| erectus fossils are straight to an extent not | | | | |
| observed in any of the australopithecines or | | | | Darwinism Refuted(Book): |
| so-called Homo habilis specimens. There is no | | | | |
| difference between the postcranial skeleton | | | | PDF file format: |
| of modern man and that of Homo erectus. | | | | |
| | | | Word file format: |
| The primary reason for evolutionists' | | | | |
| defining Homo erectus as "primitive", is the | | | | Another useful Book & website in different |
| cranial capacity of its skull (900-1,100 cc), | | | | languages: |
| which is smaller than the average modern man, | | | | |
| and its thick eyebrow projections. However, | | | | Evolution Deceit(Book): |
| there are many people living today in the | | | | |
| world who have the same cranial capacity as | | | | Website: |
| Homo erectus (pygmies, for instance) and | | | | |
| other races have protruding eyebrows (Native | | | | Darwin's Imagination |
| Australians, for instance). | | | | |
| | | | The person who put forward the theory of |
| It is a commonly agreed-upon fact that | | | | evolution the way it is defended today, was |
| differences in cranial capacity do not | | | | an amateur English naturalist, Charles Robert |
| necessarily denote differences in | | | | Darwin. |
| intelligence or abilities. Intelligence | | | | |
| depends on the internal organisation of the | | | | Darwin had never undergone a formal education |
| brain, rather than on its volume. | | | | in biology. He took only an amateur interest |
| | | | in the subject of nature and living things. |
| The fossils that have made Homo erectus known | | | | His interest spurred him to voluntarily join |
| to the entire world are those of Peking man | | | | an expedition on board a ship named H.M.S. |
| and Java man in Asia. However, in time it was | | | | Beagle that set out from England in 1832 and |
| realised that these two fossils are not | | | | travelled around different regions of the |
| reliable. Peking Man consists of some | | | | world for five years. Young Darwin was |
| elements made of plaster whose originals have | | | | greatly impressed by various living species, |
| been lost, and Java Man is "composed" of a | | | | especially by certain finches that he saw in |
| skull fragment plus a pelvic bone that was | | | | the Galapagos Islands. He thought that the |
| found metres away from it with no indication | | | | variations in their beaks were caused by |
| that these belonged to the same creature. | | | | their adaptation to their habitat. With this |
| This is why the Homo erectus fossils found in | | | | idea in mind, he supposed that the origin of |
| Africa have gained such increasing | | | | life and species lay in the concept of |
| importance. (It should also be noted that | | | | "adaptation to the environment". Darwin |
| some of the fossils said to be Homo erectus | | | | opposed the fact that God created different |
| were included under a second species named | | | | living species separately, suggesting that |
| "Homo ergaster" by some evolutionists. There | | | | they rather came from a common ancestor and |
| is disagreement among the experts on this | | | | became differentiated from each other as a |
| issue. We will treat all these fossils under | | | | result of natural conditions. |
| the classification of Homo erectus) | | | | |
| | | | Darwin's hypothesis was not based on any |
| The most famous of the Homo erectus specimens | | | | scientific discovery or experiment; in time |
| found in Africa is the fossil of "Narikotome | | | | however he turned it into a pretentious |
| Homo erectus" or the "Turkana Boy" which was | | | | theory with the support and encouragement he |
| found near Lake Turkana in Kenya. It is | | | | received from the famous materialist |
| confirmed that the fossil was that of a | | | | biologists of his time. The idea was that the |
| 12-year-old boy, who would have been 1.83 | | | | individuals that adapted to the habitat in |
| meters tall in adolescence. The upright | | | | the best way transferred their qualities to |
| skeletal structure of the fossil is no | | | | subsequent generations; these advantageous |
| different from that of modern man. The | | | | qualities accumulated in time and transformed |
| American paleoanthropologist Alan Walker said | | | | the individual into a species totally |
| that he doubted that "the average pathologist | | | | different from its ancestors. (The origin of |
| could tell the difference between the fossil | | | | these "advantageous qualities" was unknown at |
| skeleton and that of a modern human."(( Boyce | | | | the time.) According to Darwin, man was the |
| Rensberger, The Washington Post, November 19, | | | | most developed outcome of this imaginary |
| 1984.)) | | | | mechanism. |
| | | | |
| Concerning the skull, Walker wrote that he | | | | Darwin called this process "evolution by |
| laughed when he saw it because "it looked so | | | | natural selection". He thought he had found |
| much like a Neanderthal."(( Ibid. )) As we | | | | the "origin of species": the origin of one |
| will see in the next chapter, Neanderthals | | | | species was another species. He published |
| are a modern human race. Therefore, Homo | | | | these views in his book titled The Origin of |
| erectus is also a modern human race. | | | | Species, By Means of Natural Selection in |
| | | | 1859. |
| Even the evolutionist Richard Leakey states | | | | |
| that the differences between Homo erectus and | | | | Darwin was well aware that his theory faced |
| modern man are no more than racial variance: | | | | lots of problems. He confessed these in his |
| | | | book in the chapter "Difficulties of the |
| One would also see differences in the shape | | | | Theory". These difficulties primarily |
| of the skull, in the degree of protrusion of | | | | consisted of the fossil record, complex |
| the face, the robustness of the brows and so | | | | organs of living things that could not |
| on. These differences are probably no more | | | | possibly be explained by coincidence (e.g. |
| pronounced than we see today between the | | | | the eye), and the instincts of living beings. |
| separate geographical races of modern humans. | | | | Darwin hoped that these difficulties would be |
| Such biological variation arises when | | | | overcome by new discoveries; yet this did not |
| populations are geographically separated from | | | | stop him from coming up with a number of very |
| each other for significant lengths of time. | | | | inadequate explanations for some. The |
| | | | American physicist Lipson made the following |
| Professor William Laughlin from the | | | | comment on the "difficulties" of Darwin: |
| University of Connecticut made extensive | | | | |
| anatomical examinations of Inuits and the | | | | On reading The Origin of Species, I found |
| people living on the Aleut islands, and | | | | that Darwin was much less sure himself than |
| noticed that these people were | | | | he is often represented to be; the chapter |
| extraordinarily similar to Homo erectus. The | | | | entitled "Difficulties of the Theory" for |
| conclusion Laughlin arrived at was that all | | | | example, shows considerable self-doubt. As a |
| these distinct races were in fact different | | | | physicist, I was particularly intrigued by |
| races of Homo sapiens (modern man). | | | | his comments on how the eye would have |
| | | | arisen. (( H. S. Lipson, "A Physicist's View |
| When we consider the vast differences that | | | | of Darwin's Theory", Evolution Trends in |
| exist between remote groups such as Eskimos | | | | Plants, Vol 2, No. 1, 1988, p. 6.)) |
| and Bushmen, who are known to belong to the | | | | |
| single species of Homo sapiens, it seems | | | | While developing his theory, Darwin was |
| justifiable to conclude that Sinanthropus [an | | | | impressed by many evolutionist biologists |
| erectus specimen] belongs within this same | | | | preceding him, and primarily by the French |
| diverse species. | | | | biologist, Lamarck. According to Lamarck, |
| | | | living creatures passed the traits they |
| It is now a more pronounced fact in the | | | | acquired during their lifetime from one |
| scientific community that Homo erectus is a | | | | generation to the next and thus evolved. For |
| superfluous taxon, and that fossils assigned | | | | instance, giraffes evolved from antelope-like |
| to the Homo erectus class are actually not so | | | | animals by extending their necks further and |
| different from Homo sapiens as to be | | | | further from generation to generation as they |
| considered a different species. In American | | | | tried to reach higher and higher branches for |
| Scientist, the discussions over this issue | | | | food. Darwin thus employed the thesis of |
| and the result of a conference held on the | | | | "passing the acquired traits" proposed by |
| subject in 2000 were summarised in this way: | | | | Lamarck as the factor that made living beings |
| | | | evolve. |
| Most of the participants at the Senckenberg | | | | |
| conference got drawn into a flaming debate | | | | But both Darwin and Lamarck were mistaken |
| over the taxonomic status of Homo erectus | | | | because in their day, life could only be |
| started by Milford Wolpoff of the University | | | | studied with very primitive technology and at |
| of Michigan, Alan Thorne of the University of | | | | a very inadequate level. Scientific fields |
| Canberra and their colleagues. They argued | | | | such as genetics and biochemistry did not |
| forcefully that Homo erectus had no validity | | | | exist even in name. Their theories therefore |
| as a species and should be eliminated | | | | had to depend entirely on their powers of |
| altogether. All members of the genus Homo, | | | | imagination. |
| from about 2 million years ago to the | | | | |
| present, were one highly variable, widely | | | | While the echoes of Darwin's book |
| spread species, Homo sapiens, with no natural | | | | reverberated, an Austrian botanist by the |
| breaks or subdivisions. The subject of the | | | | name of Gregor Mendel discovered the laws of |
| conference, Homo erectus didn't exist. | | | | inheritance in 1865. Not much heard of until |
| | | | the end of the century, Mendel's discovery |
| The conclusion reached by the scientists | | | | gained great importance in the early 1900s. |
| defending the abovementioned thesis can be | | | | This was the birth of the science of |
| summarised as "Homo erectus is not a | | | | genetics. Somewhat later, the structure of |
| different species from Homo sapiens, but | | | | the genes and the chromosomes was discovered. |
| rather a race within Homo sapiens". | | | | The discovery, in the 1950s, of the structure |
| | | | of the DNA molecule that incorporates genetic |
| On the other hand, there is a huge gap | | | | information threw the theory of evolution |
| between Homo erectus, a human race, and the | | | | into a great crisis. The reason was the |
| apes that preceded Homo erectus in the "human | | | | incredible complexity of life and the |
| evolution" scenario, (Australopithecus, Homo | | | | invalidity of the evolutionary mechanisms |
| Habilis, and Homo rudolfensis). This means | | | | proposed by Darwin. |
| that the first men appeared in the fossil | | | | |
| record suddenly and without any prior | | | | These developments ought to have resulted in |
| evolutionary history. This is a most clear | | | | Darwin's theory being banished to the dustbin |
| indication of their being created. | | | | of history. However, it was not, because |
| | | | certain circles insisted on revising, |
| Yet, admitting this fact is totally against | | | | renewing, and elevating the theory to a |
| the dogmatic philosophy and ideology of | | | | scientific platform. These efforts gain |
| evolutionists. As a result, they try to | | | | meaning only if we realise that behind the |
| portray Homo erectus, a truly human race, as | | | | theory lay ideological intentions rather than |
| a half-ape creature. In their Homo erectus | | | | scientific concerns. |
| reconstructions, they tenaciously draw simian | | | | |